Written Report
in SpEd 12
Speech and Language
Impairment
I.
Introduction
Every day at home, at schools, at work and in other
places where we interact with people the communication process functions as
means of informing, explaining, and expressing our ideas. Spoken and written
words are the basic means of communication. Often they are used together with
paralinguistic behaviors and nonlinguistic cues (Heward, 2003). The concepts of
communication, speech and language are interrelated. Speech and language are
the key components of communication. Basically, communication takes place when
both the sender and the receiver of the message use common speech patterns and
language. Difficulties in speech production and lack of language skills
interfere with effective communication. Nevertheless, these concepts have their
respective definitions, descriptions and uses.
I.
Discussion of Disability
Speech
A systematic use of sounds and sound combination. It is the actual behavior of producing a
language code by making appropriate vocal sound patterns.
Language
It puts meaning into speech and is used to express and
receive meaning.
Speech
Impairment
It is characterized by any disorder of vocal production,
speech sound production and fluency. Difficulties in speech production and lack
of language skills interfere with effective communication. Speech is abnormal
when it deviates so far from the speech of the other people that it calls
attention to itself, interferes with communication, or causes the speaker or
his listeners to feel distressed.
Language
Impairment
It is an abnormal development in understanding and using
spoken, written or other symbolic system. The abnormal acquisition,
comprehension or expression of spoken or written language.
Articulation
Disorders
These are errors in the formation of speech sounds.
4 Types of Errors in Producing Sounds:
1. Substitution
- replacing one sound with another.
2. Distortion
-producing a sound in an unfamiliar way.
3. Omission
-omitting a sound in a word.
4. Addition
-inserting an extra sound in a word.
Fluency Disorder
1. Normal disfluencies of speech
-normally fluent speech is not perfect speech.
2. Normal development deficiencies
-children pass through development of language learning.
3. Stuttering
-begins with simple whole-word and sound repetition.
4. Neurogenic disfluency
-is the direct result of an identifiable neuropathology
in a child with no previous history of disfluency.
5. Psychogenic disfluency
-most striking disfluency onset and its relationship to
emotional crisis.
6. Language delay
-language disorder has impact on the ability to speech
fluently.
7. Cluttering
-words are spoken at an extremely fast rate.
Common Causes
1. clefts palate
2. cerebral palsy
3. traumatic brain injury
4. stroke
5. hearing loss
II.
Assistive Technologies
in Speech & Language Impairment
Jabbla Allora. Keyboard-based text-to-speech
generating device with a splash proof keyboard, you simply type out a message
and the Allora will speak it in a high quality natural sounding male or female
voice.
TextSpeak TS Series Talking
Keyboards. Typed text is generated directly to speech. Designed for vocally
Impaired and speech limited persons of all ages. Works over speakerphone telephones, for calls to
friends and family Battery powered, portable; speaks with unlimited vocabulary.
User selectable English & Spanish language. User may select male and female
voice.
DSA V. The most advanced Digital
Speech Aid for reduction, in some cases complete elimination of
stuttering. It is a very small 8cm x 6cm x 2cm, sophisticated, battery - operated
electronic device using a miniature microphone and a pair of standard
Walkman-type earphone that picks up the stutterer's
voice via the microphone, processes it digitally in real-time, and puts out the
processed sound into the stutterer's ears via the earphones.
The Entire World of R. Use to evaluate and treat /r/ phonologically, based
on word position and individual sound. The ability to separate the /r/ into its
most basic phonetic components and word positions--phonetic consistency--is the
key for successful remediation.
InterAACT. Language framework used on all
DynaVox devices and it allows individuals with speech and language disabilities
to successfully communicate develop high level language skills and express
themselves, in everyday activities.
ACEREADER PRO. The program can be
used to assess the user's reading speed and comprehension, as well as listening
skills.
The Reading Time
Communicator, model 1524, is an electronic storybook reader designed for
use by children with communication or cognitive disabilities. Any size book is
clipped to the communicator and each page of text is recorded using the six
built-in mini-gumball switches. Next, a colored sticker is fixed to each book
page to correspond to the colored switches. (When the book has more than six
pages, the story is continued on the next level.) To hear the story, the child
presses the switch that matches the sticker on the page
CIMO CAN SPELL. Most words can be
sounded out using common phonics rules (i.e, grouped by short vowel, long
vowel, Bossy R's and other vowel team words), and others do not follow those
normal rules and must be memorized. This app also uses phonics to help the user
learn new words by putting sounds together to make words (e.g., /b/ /a/ /t/
makes "bat").
The Speech
Enhancer is an assistive speech device designed to adapt to an individual's
voice level, analyze the articulation, and make a suitable clarification of
garbled speech for persons with dysarthria (speech disorder affecting tongue or
speech muscles).
BOB BOOKS #2 - READING MAGIC. This application (or app) is a
phonics-based interactive game with a simple drag-and-drop interface that is
designed to help children make the connection between letters and sounds, sound
out simple words, and spell the words they have read.
DynaVox Maestro it gives individuals with speech and language
disabilities the confidence to make their voices heard in every situation by
putting the focus on communication, not the method by which that communication
is achieved.
DYNAMOUNT DESKTOP STAND a communication device designed for use with the DynaVox
3100 and DynaMyte 3100. This stand enables the user to access his/her
communicator while at a table or desk or on the floor. The attatched rotational
clamp enables the device to be positioned for optimal use on different
surfaces. The stand is available with or without a mounting plate
StutterStop An assistive anti-stuttering device that looks like a
trendy mp3-player already helped many people who stutter - it helped them to
speak fluently from the first time they used it. Portable devices for treating
stuttering or communication disorders include a circuit configured to
automatically electronically select sua sponte different signal parameters
and/or sound effect algorithms used to generate varied altered auditory
feedback signals to a user over time. a power source in communication with the
circuit; a receiver in communication with the circuit, the receiver configured
to generate an input signal responsive to an auditory signal associated with a
user's speech; and a speaker in communication with the circuit to output the
altered auditory feedback to the user.
ADVOCATE is a direct selection and scanning communicator designed
for use by individuals with communication or speech disabilities. This
communicator can digitally record up to 16 minutes of messages at one to 16
keypad locations (up to two minutes per location).
Picture Exchange
Communication System (PECS) a form
of augmentative and alternative communication. It is typically used as an aid
in communication for children with autism and other special needs. PECS has
been the subject of academic research.[1] It was developed in 1985 by Lori
Frost, M.S., CCC-SLP and Andy Bondy, Ph.D.PECS is designed to teach functional
communication with an initial focus on spontaneity.
DYNAWRITE is a keyboard-based communicator designed for use by
individuals with significant speech disabilities who have strong literacy
skills, motor control and dexterity and like the familiarity of a computer
keyboard. This device enables users to type messages on the full-sized computer
keyboard and has them spoken back. DECtalk and VeriVox voices are included.
Rate enhancement features include word prediction, abbreviation expansion, and
flexible abbreviation expansion. The device can be accessed via direct
selection or single- or duel-switch scanning. Appropriate for ambulatory and
non-ambulatory individuals, the unit features a built-in infrared learning
universal remote control unit.
PLANTRONICS MX100S Your choice of either a Plantronics Voyager Pro Bluetooth
wireless cellphone ear set with a Jabra A210 Bluetooth adapter; or an Iasus NT3
throat microphone with a download code for MPiStutter.
SENNHEISER PC131 A Plantronics MX100S binaural (two ear) wired iPod-style ear
set is included. These sound good, are comfortable, and are simple and easy to
use. Any other standard wired ear set can be used.
III.
Famous People with Speech and Language
Impairment
Sir Winston S. Churchill-politician
He was a
British politician, best known for his leadership of the United
Kingdom during the Second World War. Widely regarded as one of the
greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, he served as Prime
Minister twice (1940–45 and 1951–55). A noted statesman and
orator,
Bruce Willis-actor, producer
& musician
A
German-born American actor, producer, and musician. His career began in
television in the 1980s and has continued both in television and film since,
including comedic, dramatic, and action roles. He is well known for the role
of John McClane in the Diehard
Christian Bale-actor
An English actor. Best known for his
roles in American films, Bale has starred in blockbuster films and
smaller projects from independent producers and art houses.
Bale first caught the public eye at the age of 14, when he
was cast in the starring role of Steven Spielberg's Empire of the
Sun (1987) (2012) Batman Darknight Rises
King George VI-king of
United Kingdom
He was King of the
United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British
Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the
last Emperor of India, and the first Head of the Commonwealth.
Salma Hayek-actress,
director & producer
A Mexican
American film actress, director and producer. She began her career in
Mexico starring in the telenovela Teresa and went on to
star in the film El Callejón de los Milagros (Miracle Alley)
for which she was nominated for an Ariel Award. In 1991 Hayek moved
to Hollywood and came to prominence with roles in Hollywood movies
such asDesperado (1995), Dogma (1999), and Wild
Wild West (1999).
Robert Duval-actor &
director
An
American actor and director. He has won an Academy Award, two Emmy
Awards, four Golden Globe Awards and a BAFTA over the
course of his career.
A veteran actor, Duvall has starred in some of the most
acclaimed and popular films and TV shows of all time, among them The
Twilight Zone, The Outer Limits, To Kill a Mockingbird, THX
1138, Joe Kidd, The Godfather, The
Godfather Part II, MASH, Network,True Grit, The
Conversation, Apocalypse Now, Falling Down, Tender
Mercies, The Natural and Lonesome Dove.
Tiger
Woods-golf player
An American professional golfer whose achievements
to date rank him among the most successful golfers of all time. Tiger Woods had
stuttering problems at childhood but he got past it through hard work and practice.
Julia
Roberts –actress
and model
An Academy Award winning American film actress and former fashion model.
Roberts has become the highest paid actress in the world, topping the annual
power list of top earning female stars for four consecutive years (2002-2005).
Julia Roberts admitted the fact that she stuttered
Bill
Walton-basketball
player
Led the NBA in both rebounds per game and blocked shots per game in
1976-77, and was selected to the NBA All-Star Game but did not participate due
to an injury.
Rubin
Carter-professional boxer
A professional boxer who was involved in
controversial murder case. For many years he fought for freedom and continued
to claim his innocence. Carter has had
stuttering problems since youth but it has been the least of his problems until
his old age.
Jimmy
Stewart-actor
He was
an iconic, Academy Award-winning American film and stage actor. His stuttered speech, long legs and clumsy
hands seemed to give his characters a familiar quality with which most
Americans could easily identify.
Aristotle-philosopher
A
Greek philosopher writing on many different subjects He was also a great teacher for Alexander the
Great. Aristotle was one of the first to point out that epilepsy and genius
were often closely connected. Aristotle had an inaccurate conception of the
cause of stuttering. He thought it was caused by a malfunctioning tongue.
Rowan
Atkinson-comedian and writer
An English comedian, writer and
actor famous for his British roles in the television series Mr.Bean and
Blackadder. He has been listed as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy
Atkinson had a stutter as a child and had problems with the letter B. He overcomes
it through over-articulation which he turned into a comic device.
IV.
Careers and Vocations for People with Speech
Difficulties
Information
Gathering
The journalism field can be excellent them
Manufacturing
Repetition and routine is a common need for them Many
people find jobs in manufacturing that require repetitive tasks on an assembly
line ordinary or tiresome, but these tasks are often sought out by them
Animal
Care
Many people with speech disorder have a hard time finding
comfort through interaction with humans, but do not have this issue with
animals
V.
References
Introduction to Special Education by Dr. Teresita Inciong
and Dr. Yolanda Quijano pages 225-237.
AbleData: Company detail
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